Aquifer

A subsurface geological formation composed of permeable rock, sediment, or soil that stores and transmits groundwater in sufficient quantities to supply wells or springs. In mining, aquifer characterisation is essential for understanding groundwater resources, designing mine dewatering systems, and assessing potential mining impacts on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Bauxite, iron ore, and gold mines may intersect multiple aquifer systems requiring careful hydrogeological management throughout mine life.